Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands create an excess of parathyroid hormone. This imbalance elevates calcium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. This can lead to various health problems, including the weakening of bone tissue (osteoporosis), the formation of kidney stones, and impaired kidney function. Other symptoms may include fatigue, depression, increased thirst, and abdominal pain.
The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign tumor (adenoma) on one of the parathyroid glands. Less frequently, it can be caused by enlargement of all four glands (hyperplasia) or, rarely, cancer. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment often involves surgery (parathyroidectomy) to remove the overactive gland(s), which can cure the condition. Medications may also be used for those who are not candidates for surgery.
In contrast, hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone, leading to abnormally low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and increased phosphate levels. This can result in symptoms such as muscle cramps, tingling sensations, spasms (tetany), and even seizures. Hypoparathyroidism is often a complication of thyroid or neck surgery, where the parathyroid glands are accidentally damaged or removed. Other causes include autoimmune diseases or genetic factors. Treatment involves lifelong supplementation with calcium and Vitamin D to maintain normal calcium levels and prevent symptoms. Sometimes, magnesium supplementation is also required.
