1159 was a year of the Middle Ages, a time when Europe's spiritual and temporal powers often clashed. It marked the death of Pope Adrian IV and the subsequent, contested election of Pope Alexander III, leading to further ecclesiastical disputes.
1159 was a year of the Middle Ages, a time when Europe's spiritual and temporal powers often clashed. It marked the death of Pope Adrian IV and the subsequent, contested election of Pope Alexander III, leading to further ecclesiastical disputes.