The Water Molecule (H₂O) is a fundamental compound, absolutely vital for all known life. Composed of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom, its unique bent shape and uneven sharing of electrons create a polar structure. This polarity is crucial, enabling water to act as an excellent solvent, often referred to as the "universal solvent," dissolving many substances due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Beyond its solvent capabilities, water exhibits several other critical properties. It has a high Specific Heat, meaning it can absorb and release large amounts of heat with only slight changes in its own temperature, which helps regulate global climate and internal body temperatures. Cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other) and adhesion (water molecules sticking to other surfaces) are responsible for phenomena like surface tension and capillary action, essential for plant life. Uniquely, solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float, which is critical for aquatic ecosystems.
Water exists naturally on Earth in three States of Matter: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor), constantly cycling through the Water Cycle.
